1. Similarity:

Objects that are similar in appearance are often perceived as part of the same group. For example, items with the same shape, color, or size are seen as related.

• Example: When you see a group of people wearing the same uniform, such as a sports team or school students, your mind automatically groups them together based on their similar appearance.

2. Continuation:

he eye is drawn to continuous lines and patterns rather than abrupt changes. We prefer smooth, flowing forms over disconnected or jagged ones.

• Example: When looking at a road map, you perceive the path of a winding road as a smooth and continuous line, even if there are interruptions by text or other symbols.

3. Closure:

When presented with incomplete shapes, our minds tend to fill in the gaps to create a whole, recognizable image. For instance, we can identify a circle even if a part of it is missing.

• Example: When looking at a partially obscured sign, your brain fills in the missing letters to recognize the word or message. For instance, if you see a neon sign with some lights out, you can still read the intended message.

4. Proximity:

Objects that are close to each other are perceived as more related than those that are spaced farther apart. This principle is often used in design to group related items together.

• Example: In a restaurant menu, items listed close together are perceived as belonging to the same category or meal, such as appetizers grouped together in one section.

5. Figure-Ground:

This principle describes how we separate objects from their background. The “figure” is the main object of focus, while the “ground” is the surrounding area. For example, text on a page (figure) stands out against the white background (ground).

• Example: When reading a book, the text is perceived as the figure (foreground) while the white pages are perceived as the ground (background), allowing you to focus on the words.

6. Common Region: Elements located within the same closed region are perceived as part of a group. Borders or backgrounds can create a common region, grouping elements together visually.

Example: In a children’s playground, toys placed within a sandbox are perceived as a group because the sandbox creates a common region around them. Similarly, a photo collage framed with a border makes all the pictures within that frame appear as part of a single group.

7. Symmetry: Symmetrical elements are perceived as part of the same group. This principle suggests that our minds prefer balance and harmony, leading us to group symmetrical objects together.

Example: Similarly, a pair of matching lamps on either side of a bed create a sense of balance and harmony, leading our minds to group them together.

These examples illustrate how the principles of Gestalt influence our perception and help us make sense of the visual world around us.